Plymouth Church - Brooklyn (from an early engraving)
Click on images to enlarge
Plymouth Church
(Congregational)

75 Hicks Street
Brooklyn, N.Y. 11201
http://www.plymouthchurch.org


Organ Specifications:
75 Hicks Street (since 1850):
IV/58 Aeolian-Skinner Organ Company, Op. 964 (1937)
IV/51 Ernest M. Skinner & Co., Op. 120 (1904)
IV/64 E. & G.G. Hook, Op. 360 (1865); reb. Hook & Hastings (1892)
• Levi U. Stuart (1862) – Sunday School room
III/35 William B.D. Simmons & Co. (1850)
Cranberry Street (1847-burned 1849):
• Hall & Labagh (c.1847)


Plymouth Church was founded in 1847 by transplanted New Englanders who wanted a Congregational church like those in which they had been raised, with a simple order of worship, governed by the congregation. The 21 men and women who founded the church in Brooklyn Heights called as their first pastor Henry Ward Beecher, thus beginning the most prominent ministry in the second half of 19th century America. Beecher's powerful preaching and outspoken opposition to slavery filled the pews to overflowing, so it was a blessing in disguise just two years later when fire damaged Plymouth's original church (built in 1822 as the First Presbyterian Church) on Cranberry Street. A new red brick sanctuary seating 2,800 was quickly constructed, fronting on Orange Street behind the ruined original. Designed by the English architect J.C. Wells, a founder of the American Institute of Architects, Plymouth Church was clearly intended for the preaching of the Word, with excellent acoustics, good visibility and no center aisle. More like an auditorium or theater than what had traditionally been considered a church, this open design was enormously influential among many American Protestant churches.

1865 E. & G.G. Hook Organ Case (Op. 360) - Plymouth Church - Brooklyn

 
Plymouth Church's meeting house was opened for worship the first Sunday of January 1850. Among its many innovations were delicate cast iron columns holding up the main balcony, first introduced in 1849. The original William B.D. Simmons organ, a three-manual instrument completed in 1850, was replaced in 1866 with what was then the largest organ in the United States, built by E. and G.G. Hook of Boston. More recent additions to the sanctuary include the chandelier and front portico.

Henry Ward Beecher was also an ardent supporter of congregational singing during church services, with all members participating. With his brother, Charles Beecher, and Plymouth's organist, John Zundel, he began compiling a book of hymns for his church. Beecher published The Plymouth Collection in 1855, introducing the world's first modern hymnal in which words and music were printed on the same page.

Plymouth Church merged with Church of the Pilgrims in 1934, after which the combined congregation was known as "Plymouth Church of the Pilgrims." In 2011, the corporate name reverted to "Plymouth Church." The Plymouth campus consists of five structures arranged in the shape of an “H,” plus three outdoor spaces which, taken together, occupy half a city block. The Church was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1961.
           
 
Aeolian-Skinner Organ, Op. 964 (1937) at Plymouth Church - Brooklyn Heights, New York (Photo: Steven E. Lawson)
Aeolian-Skinner Organ Company, Inc.
Boston, Mass. – Opus 964 (1937)
Electro-pneumatic chest action
Solid State combination action
4 manuals, 61 registers, 48 stops, 58 ranks



The present organ, which still includes four ranks of pipes from the 1866 organ, was designed by G. Donald Harrison and built under his direction by the Aeolian-Skinner firm of Boston in 1937. In 1965, a new three-manual Austin console was installed, and in the late 1970s, John Steinkampf tonally altered the organ and installed a 32' Bombarde unit in the Pedal. In 1996, Nelson Barden and Co. of Boston undertook a total restoration of the organ, culminating with the installation in 2000 of a new four-manual drawknob console by Harris Organs of California.
               
Great Organ (Manual II) – 61 notes (3½" wind)
16
  Diapason * [1-18 façade]
61
2
  Fifteenth
61
8
  First Diapason
61
    Fourniture IV ranks
244
8
  Second Diapason [1-9 façade]
61
    Cymbel III ranks
183
8
  Bourdon
61
    Chimes
SO
8
  Gemshorn
61
    Great 16'  
4
  Octave
61
    Great Unison Off  
4
  Flute
61
    Gallery on Great  
2 2/3
  Twelfth
61
       

     

     
Swell Organ (Manual III) – 61 notes, enclosed (5" wind)
16
  Bourdon
73
    Mixture III ranks
183
8
  Geigen Diapason
73
16
  Bombarde
73
8
  Salicional
73
8
  Trompette
73
8
  Voix Celeste (TC)
61
8
  Oboe
73
8
  Aeoline
73
8
  Vox Humana
73
8
  Rohrflöte
73
4
  Clairon
73
8
  Flute Celeste II
134
    Tremulant  
4
  Octave Geigen
73
    Swell 16'  
4
  Flute Triangulaire
73
    Swell Unison Off  
2
  Fifteenth
61
    Swell 4'  
    Grave Mixture III ranks
183
    Gallery on Swell  

     

     
Choir Organ (Manual I) – 61 notes, enclosed (5" wind)
16
  Dulciana
73
1 3/5
  Tierce
61
8
  Diapason
73
8
  Clarinet
73
8
  Koppelflöte
73
8
 
Trumpet
preparation
8
  Dulciana
73
    Tremulant  
8
  Unda Maris (TC)
61
    Harp
4
  Violina
73
    Choir 16'  
4
  Nachthorn
73
    Choir Unison Off  
2 2/3
  Nazard
61
    Choir 4'  
2
  Blockflöte
61
    Gallery on Choir  

     

     
Solo Organ (Manual IV) – 61 notes, enclosed (10" wind)
8
  Gamba
73
    Tremulant  
8
  Gamba Celeste
73
   
Chimes **
25 tubes
8
  Flauto Mirabilis
73
 
  Solo 16'  
8
  French Horn
73
 
  Solo Unison Off  
8
 
English Horn
preparation
   
Solo 4'
 
8
  Tuba
73
   
** to be reinstalled in future Gallery Organ
               
Gallery Organ (floating) – 61 notes (console preparation)
    Manual       Pedal  
    10 blank knobs       4 blank knobs  
               
Pedal Organ – 32 notes
32
  Diapason * [no low C#]
31
8
  Cello (ext.)
12
32
  Resultant
8
  Flute (ext.)
12
16
  Diapason (ext.)
12
8
  Still Gedeckt
SW
16
  Second Diapason
GT
4
 
Principal
preparation
16
  Violone
32
32
 
Contra Trombone
preparation
16
  Dulciana
CH
16
  Trombone * [10" pressure]
32
16
  Bourdon *
32
16
  Bombarde
SW
16
  Echo Lieblich
SW
8
  Trumpet (ext.)
12
10 2/3
  Quint (fr. Bourdon)
4
  Clarion (ext.)
12
8
 
Principal
preparation
       
8
  Octave Diapason (ext.)
12
   
* from 1865 E. & G.G. Hook organ
             
Couplers
    Great to Pedal 8', 4'   Solo to Choir 16', 8', 4'
    Swell to Pedal 8', 4'   Great to Choir
    Choir to Pedal 8', 4'   Pedal to Choir
    Solo to Pedal 8', 4'   Great to Swell
    Gallery to Pedal 8', 4'   Choir to Swell 8', 4'
    Swell to Great 16', 8', 4'   Solo to Swell
    Choir to Great 16', 8', 4'   Great to Solo
    Solo to Great 16', 8', 4'   Swell to Solo
    Swell to Choir 16', 8', 4'   Choir to Solo
             
Adjustable Combinations
   
Solo Organ Pistons 1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8 (thumb)
Swell Organ Pistons 1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8 (thumb)
Great Organ Pistons 1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8 (thumb)
Choir Organ Pistons 1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8 (thumb)
Pedal Organ Pistons 1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8 (thumb & toe)
Gallery Organ Pistons 1-2-3-4-5-6 (thumb)
Entire Organ Pistons 1-20 (thumb & toe)
             
Expression
    Balanced Swell Pedal   Balanced Solo Pedal
    Balanced Choir Pedal   Crescendo Pedal
             
Aeolian-Skinner Organ, Op. 964 (1937) at Plymouth Church - Brooklyn Heights, New York (Photo: Steven E. Lawson)   Aeolian-Skinner Organ, Op. 964 (1937) at Plymouth Church - Brooklyn Heights, New York (Photo: Steven E. Lawson)   Aeolian-Skinner Organ, Op. 964 (1937) at Plymouth Church - Brooklyn Heights, New York (Photo: Steven E. Lawson)

Aeolian-Skinner Organ, Op. 964 (1937) at Plymouth Church - Brooklyn Heights, New York (Photo: Steven E. Lawson)
 
Plymouth Church - Brooklyn Heights, New York (Photo: Steven E. Lawson)
           
  1907 Interior of Plymouth Church - Brooklyn, NY
  Interior of Plymouth Church (1907)
Ernest M. Skinner & Co.
Boston, Mass. – Opus 120 (1904)
Electro-pneumatic stop and chest action
4 manuals, 60 registers, 50 stops, 51 ranks



In 1904, Ernest M. Skinner rebuilt and enlarged the 1865 E. & G.G. Hook organ that had been revised in 1892 by Hook & Hastings. Skinner added several new ranks of pipes and retained many of those from the existing organ. New electro-pneumatic chests were installed, and the Hook case was moved back several feet.
               
Great Organ (Manual II) – 61 notes
16
  Diapason [1-18 façade]
61
8
  Clarabella
61
8
  First Diapason *
61
8
  Bourdon
61
8
  Second Diapason [1-9 façade]
61
4
  Octave
61
8
  Third Diapason *
61
4
  Flute
61
8
  Erzähler *
61
16
  Trumpet
73
8
  Doppel Floete
61
8
  Trumpet
61
       

     
Swell Organ (Manual III) – 61 notes, enclosed
16
  Bourdon
61
4
  Flute
61
8
  First Diapason
61
16
  Trumpet
61
8
  Second Diapason
61
16
  Fagotto
61
8
  Viol
61
8
  Cornopean
73
8
  Voix Celestes *
61
8
  Oboe
61
8
  Flute
61
8
  Vox Humana
61
8
  Spitz Floete
61
4
  Clarion
61
8
  Aeoline *
61
    Tremolo  
4
  Violina
61
 
     
       

     
Choir Organ (Manual I) – 61 notes, enclosed
16
  Dulciana
61
4
  Flute
61
8
  Diapason
61
2
  Piccolo
61
8
  Melodia
61
16
  Euphone
61
8
  Quintadena
61
8
  Clarinet
61
8
  Gamba
61
8
  Orchestral Oboe *
61
8
  Dulciana
61
 
  Tremolo  
8
  Dulcet II ranks
110
 
     
       

     
Solo Organ (Manual IV) – 61 notes, enclosed with Choir
8
  Stentorphone *
61
8
  Tuba *
61
8
  Philomela *
61
8
  French Horn *
61
8
  Dulcet II ranks
CH
8
  Orchestral Oboe
CH
4
  Flute *
61
    Tremolo  
               
Pedal Organ – 32 notes
32
  Diapason (ext.)
12
10 2/3
  Quinte [from Bourdon]
16
  First Diapason
32
8
  Flute (ext. 2nd Diap.)
12
16
  Second Diapason
32
8
  Gedackt (ext.)
12
16
  Bourdon
32
8
  'Cello (Viol + Voix Celestes)
SW
16
  Violone
32
16
  Trombone
32
16
  Dulciana
CH
16
  Fagotto
SW
16
  Gedackt
SW
       
       
* ranks indicated as "new" by E. M. Skinner in 1904
Couplers
    Swell to Pedal 8', 4'   Solo to Great 16', 8', 4'
    Great to Pedal 8'   Solo to Swell 8'
    Choir to Pedal 8'   Solo to Choir 8'
    Solo to Pedal 8', 4'   Swell to Swell 4', 16'
    Swell to Great 16', 8', 4'   Solo to Solo 4', 16'
    Choir to Great 16', 8'   Solo Off
             
Adjustable Combinations
   
Solo Organ Pistons 1-2-3-0
Swell Organ Pistons 1-2-3-4-5-6-0
Great Organ Pistons 1-2-3-4-5-0
Choir Organ Pistons 1-2-3-4-0
Full Organ Pedals 1-2-3-4
  General Release
  Pedal Release
             
Pedal Movements
    Balanced Swell Pedal   Sforzando
    Balanced Choir & Solo Pedal   Great to Pedal Reversible
    Balanced Crescendo Pedal    
           

1865 E. & G.G. Hook Organ Case (Op. 360) - Plymouth Church - Brooklyn
E. & G.G. Hook
Boston, Mass. – Opus 360 (1865)
Mechanical action
4 manuals, 52 stops, 64 ranks, 3,403 pipes





The second organ for Plymouth Church was built in 1865 by the Boston firm of E. & G.G. Hook to the designs of John Zundel, Plymouth's organist. Notable were the organ's two free reed stops — the Swell Euphone and the Solo Vox Angelica — and the Grand Crescendo Pedal. Dwight Willcox of Dwight's Journal of Music: A Paper of Art and Literature wrote the following description of this device:
"The Grand Crescendo may be pronounced to be, without exception, the greatest mechanical improvement ever introduced into the organ. I will explain only that there is a flat bar of iron placed behind the Pedals, having a set of studs at short distances, by which the foot easily slides the bar to the right or left. The motion is communicated to the slides one after another, in every department of the organ, so that the player can with the utmost ease, swell out the tone from the softest stop to the full power of the whole instrument and vice-versa; while yet not one of the drawstop handles is shifted. No other contrivance than this can produce the same effect."
The opening concert took place on Tuesday, July 31, 1865, at eight o'clock in the evening. Appearing on the programme were Mr. J.H. Willcox, Mr. F.F. Müller, and Mr. G.W. Morgan.

In 1892, the Hook & Hastings Company rebuilt the 1865 E. & G.G. Hook organ, changing several stops and rebuilding the console. Following are the 1865 specifications:
               
Great Manuale (Manual I) – 58 notes
16
  Open Diapason
58
2
  Fifteenth
58
8
  Open Diapason
58
8
  Grand Cornet V ranks
216
8
  Clarabella (wood)
58
2
  Mixture III ranks
174
8
  Viola da Gamba
58
1 1/3
  Scharff III ranks
174
8
  Doppel Flöte
58
16
  Trumpet
58
4
  Flute Harmonique
58
8
  Trumpet
58
4
  Octave
58
4
  Clarion
58
2 2/3
  Twelfth
58
       

     

     
Swell Manuale (Manual II) – 58 notes, enclosed
16
  Bourdon (wood)
58
2
  Fifteenth
58
8
  Open Diapason
58
1 1/3
  Mixture V ranks
290
8
  Salicional
58
16
  Euphone (free reeds)
58
8
  Stopped Diapason (wood)
58
8
  Cornopean
58
4
  Octave
58
8
  Oboe
58
4
  Flute Harmonique
58
8
  Vox Humana
58
4
  Viol d'Amour
58
4
  Clarion
58
2 2/3
  Twelfth
58
 
     

     

     
Choir Manuale (Manual III) – 58 notes
16
  Still Gedackt (wood)
58
4
  Octave
58
8
  Open Diapason
58
4
  Flauto Traverso (wood)
58
8
  Dulciana
58
2
  Piccolo
58
8
  Melodia (wood)
58
8
  Clarionet
58
8
  Stopped Diapason (wood)
58
 
     

     

     
Solo Manuale (Manual IV) – 58 notes
8
  Keraulophon
58
4
  Hohl Pfeife (wood)
58
8
  Philomela (wood)
58
8
  Tuba Mirabilis
58
8
  Vox Angelica (free reeds)
58
4
  Tuba Octave
58
               
Pedale – 30 notes
32
  Open Diapason (wood)
30
8
  Violoncello
30
16
  Open Diapason (wood)
30
8
  Octave
30
16
  Violone
30
16
  Trombone
30
16
  Bourdon (wood)
30
     
             
Mechanical Registers
1.
  Swell to Great Coupler
7.
  Choir to Pedal Coupler
2.
  Choir to Great Coupler
8.
  Solo to Pedal Coupler
3.
  Solo to Great Coupler
9.
  Tremulant Swell
4.
  Swell to Choir Coupler
10.
  Tremulant Choir
5.
  Great to Pedal Coupler
11.
  Engine
6.
  Swell to Pedal Coupler
12.
  Tuba Engine
             
Combination Pedals, Etc.
1.
  Great to Pedal Coupler
6.
  Full Swell
2.
  Full Organ
7.
  Solo Tubae
3.
  Great Unison Stops
8.
  Forte & Piano Pedale, Double Acting
4.
  Great 16' Open through 2' Stops
9.
  Grand Crescendo Pedal
5.
  Full Great
10.
  Balanced Swell Pedal
           
Organ in Sunday School room:

Levi U. Stuart
New York City (1862)
Mechanical action


An article published in the Brooklyn Eagle (Nov. 5, 1862) states:
PLYMOUTH CHURCH.—Among the recent improvements in this church, is the addition of a very fine organ in the Sunday School-room, made by Stewart [sic] of New York. The Pedal Organ has just been completed, and Mr. Zundell [sic] (one of the best organists in the country), is to play to-night, and we notice, by the advertisement in another column, that there will be also singing by the choir of the church.
Specifications of this organ have not yet been located.
           

Wm. B.D. Simmons organ (1850) in Plymouth Church - Brooklyn (BPL)
William B. D. Simmons & Co.
Boston, Mass. (1850)
Mechanical action
3 manuals, 31 stops, 35 ranks





The first organ in the present Plymouth Church edifice was built by William B. D. Simmons & Co. of Boston and installed in 1850. Following is the description of the organ's trial, as reported in the Brooklyn Eagle on February 1, 1850:
PLYMOUTH CHURCH ORGAN.—The trial of the new organ at the Plymouth church last night called out some two thousand people who sat quietly while the keys were touched by several of the most skillful organists in this and the neighboring city. The organ is a large one; the case being 17 feet 6 inches wide, 15 feet deep and 28 feet high. It has three rows of keys, two octaves of pedals, 46 registers and 34 stops. Its tones are remarkably full and sweet, and its keys, under the hands of the masters who controlled them, were made to develope a melody more rich than any that we recollect to have heard from a similar instrument. This organ was built for the church by William R. [sic] Simmons & Co. of Boston and cost between three and four thousand dollars. It is regarded by all who have witnessed its performance as a very superior instrument, and by many as having no equal in this or the neighboring city.
In 1860, the Simmons organ was revoiced by Francis X. Engelfried.

Prior to the installation of the E. & G.G. Hook organ in 1865, the Simmons organ was moved to the Roman Catholic Church of the Immaculata in Jersey City, N.J.. Following are excerpts from a lengthy article that appeared in the Jersey City Daily Evening Times (Sept. 7, 1869):
"... We now come to the last, though by no the least, organ in the (Jersey) city. It is the one situated in the Church of the Immaculata (Roman Catholic) and has the honor of having been the predecessor of the large organ in Plymouth Church, Brooklyn. It did duty for a number of years in that place, under the hands of John  Zundel, the well-known organist. It was purchased for this place about three years ago at a cost of $2,800, and was at that price a decided bargain. It was built in Boston by Mr. B.D. Simmons & Co., and is an evidence of careful workmanship in all that related to the pipes, wood-work, etc. It has three banks of keys, and the following stops on them: [see below]

" The compass of the Great and Choir organ is 4 1/2 octaves from C to f; that of the Swell 3 1/2 octaves, C to f (the lower octave and a half acting [sic] by coupling on the Choir); and that of the Pedals 2 octaves, C to C. On the Great the Eolina and Flute only go to 8 foot C [should be 4' C], the Clarabella to middle C, and the piccolo [?] to g above, 8 foot C. On the Choir, The Cremona goes only to second f from [the] bottom. All the rest are through stops. This makes the total number of pipes about 1,879.
 
"The lowest B flat of the open diapason on the "Great" is the centre fron pipe, being about thirteen feet high. The organ is about twenty-three feet high, twenty broad and twelve deep. The workmanship is excellent. The pipes, both metal and wood, are of the best materials, and the voicing is very even. The largest pedal pipes speaks with a promptness and accuracy of intonation that is seldom heard. The tone of the instrument is, however, not as pleasing as that of the [Jersey City] Tabernacle organ. It is good, but lacks brilliancy, and the sixteen-foot stops seems in the full organ to predominate too much, causing a heavy, muffled and dragging quality of tone. But it is to be remembered that the Church of the Immaculata is a very large building, and that the organ is none too powerful for it. In a somewhat smaller building the tone would probably be more brilliant and telling. ..."
               
Great Organ (Middle Manual) – 54 notes [C to f]
16
  Eolina [sic] (TC)
42
4
  Flute d'amour (w)
54
8
  1st Open diapason
54
2 2/3
  Twelfth
54
8
  2nd Open diapason (w & m)
54
2
  Fifteenth [G]
47
8
  Stopped diapason, treble (w)
30
    Sesquialtera, 2 ranks
108
8
  Stopped diapason, bass (w)
24
    Mixture, 3 ranks
162
8
  Clarabella (wood) (MC)
30
8
  Trumpet (zinc)
54
4
  Principal
54
       

     

     
Swell Organ (Upper Manual) – 54 notes [C to f], short compass [tenor c to f], enclosed
16
  Dbl. stopped diap., treble (w)
42
4
  Flute (TC)
42
16
  Dbl. stopped diap., bass (w)
12
2
  Cornet [sic] (TC)
42
8
  Open diapason (TC)
42
  Cornet, 2 ranks (TC)
84
8
  Stopped diapason (w) (TC)
42
8
  Trumpet (zinc) (TC)
42
8
  Viol de gamba (TC)
42
8
  Hautboy (TC)
42
4
  Principal (TC)
42
   

     

     
Choir Organ (Lower Manual) – 54 notes [C to f]
8
  Open diapason (m & w)
54
4
  Principal
54
8
  Stopped diapason, treble (w)
42
4
  Flute
54
8
  Stopped diapason, bass (w)
12
2
  Fifteenth
54
8
  Dulciana
54
8
  Cremona [TF]
37
               
Pedal – 25 notes
16
  Double open diapason (w)
25
       
16
  Double dulciana
25
       
             
Mechanicals
1.
  Tremulant (on swell)
6.
  Pedal and Choir
2.
  Bellows signal
7.
  Great and Choir
3.
  Pedal check
8.
  Great and Swell
4.
  Pedal and manuals
9.
  Choir and Swell
5.
  Pedal and manuals, octaves     1 blank stop, unconnected
         
Hall & Labagh
New York City (c.1847)
Mechanical action


Little is known about the organ in the first Plymouth Church building, other than it "belonged to Mr. Labagh of New York City." It seems possible that the organ was rented by the church. An article in the Brooklyn Eagle (Jan. 15, 1849) describes the fire which damaged the organ:
THE FIRE AT Rev. Mr. Beecher's Church.—The fire at the Plymouth church in Cranberry street which we briefly announced on going to press on Saturday did not prove so disastrous as we then had reason to anticipate. The fire department, prevented by the dense smoke from gaining admission into the building, had no other recourse than to deluge the interior with water, which was successful in preventing further damage by fire, though the organ, upholstery, and other appointments of the edifice were completely soaked. On the cleaning up of the smoke and vapor a large hole was discovered in the floor over the furnace, through which the flames had extended to the organ gallery and melted off some of the front pipes of the instrument. The organ belonged to Mr. Labagh, of New York, and was fully insured. It will have to be taken apart to repair damage. The damage to the building is estimated at about $4,000, which was insured in two offices—the Franklin at Philadelphia, and the Equitable of New York. It will be some weeks before the building is again ready for public worship. Yesterday morning Rev. Mr. Beecher officiated in Rev. Dr. Cox's church, and in the evening in the Pilgrim church. Due notice will be given of the arrangements for further services when completed.
           
Sources:
     Aeolian-Skinner Archives website: http://aeolianskinner.organsociety.org/.
     Blanchard, Homer D. "The Organ in the United States: A Study in Design," The Bicentennial Tracker. Richmond: Organ Historical Society, Inc., 1976.
     "City News and Gossip," Brooklyn Eagle (Jan. 15, 1849).
     Daily Evening Times (Sept. 7, 1869. Article about William B.D. Simmons organ. Courtesy Larry Trupiano.
     Dolkart, Andrew S. and Matthew A. Postal. Guide to New York City Landmarks (Third Edition). New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2004.
     Dwight's Journal of Music: A Paper of Art and Literature. Boston: Balch.
     Griswold, Stephen M. Sixty Years With Plymouth Church. New York: Fleming H. Revell Company, 1907.
     Holden, Dorothy. The Life and Work of Ernest M. Skinner. Richmond: The Organ Historical Society, 1987.
     Kinzey, Allen, and Sand Lawn. E.M. Skinner/Aeolian-Skinner Opus List (New Revised Edition). Richmond: The Organ Historical Society, 1997.
     Ochse, Orpha. "A Glimpse of the 1860s," The American Organist (Nov. 1969).
     Plymouth Church website: http://www.plymouthchurch.org
     "Plymouth Church," The Brooklyn Eagle (Nov. 5, 1862).
     "Plymouth Church Organ," The Brooklyn Eagle (Feb. 1, 1850).
     Trupiano, Larry. Console details of Ernest M. Skinner Organ, Op. 120 (1904).
     Trupiano, Larry. Dedication Programme (July 31, 1865) with specification of E. & G.G. Hook organ, Op. 360 (1865).
     Van Pelt, William T., compiler. The Hook Opus List, 1829-1916 in Facsimile. Richmond: The Organ Historical Society, 1991.

Illustrations:
     Brooklyn Collection, Brooklyn Public Library. Undated drawing showing Wm. B.D. Simmons organ case.
     Griswold, Stephen M. Sixty Year With Plymouth Church. Interior of Plymouth Church, 1907.
     Lawson, Steven E. Color interiors; Harris Console (2000).