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Congregation B'nai Jeshurun (Sons of Righteousness) was founded in 1825 by a coalition of young members of Congregation Shearith Israel and immigrants and the descendants of immigrants from the German and Polish lands. B'nai Jeshurun was the second synagogue founded in New York and is the third oldest Ashkenazi synagoguein the United States. It was the stated intention to follow the "German and Polish minhag (rite)." The order of prayers followed that of the Ashkenazi Great Synagogue of London and sought the guidance of the British chief Rabbi Solomon Hirschell on matters of ritual. In 1827, the congregation dedicated its first building on Elm Street, the former First Colored Presbyterian Church. In 1828, at a time of rapid growth in the New York Jewish community, a group left B'nai Jeshurun to found Ansche Chesed. The first rabbi, Samuel Isaacs, was appointed in 1839. By 1850, the congregation had outgrown its building and in 1851 erected a new Gothic-style synagogue, designed by Field & Correja, on Greene Street.

In 1865, the congregation moved farther uptown, leasing a plot of land on 34th Street, between Broadway and Seventh Avenue. Field & Correja were again hired to design the new synagogue, this time employing a vaguely Romanesque style with Spanish and Moorish influences. The 75-by-98 foot building provided seating for 650 persons.

Madison Ave. & 65th St. (1885-1918)

When the 20-year lease expired in May 1884, the congregation acquired property on the southwest corner of Madison Avenue and 65th Street for a new synagogue. The old building on 34th Street was taken down and the stone and brick used to build the new synagogue. As designed by Rafael Guastavino, working with Schwarzmann & Buchman, the synagogue was modeled after the first synagogue erected in Europe, at Toledo, Spain, and was in the Spanish Renaissance style. The Madison Avenue façade, built of Philadelphia brick and stone, was Byzantine with a Moorish portico at the main entrance. Above the entrance was a tower and cupola that rose to a height of 104 feet. The completed synagogue had a seating capacity of 1000 and was dedicated on March 25, 1885.

	Sanctuary Dome (1918)
	Sanctuary Interior (1918)
	Sanctuary Interior (1996)

The present synagogue, located on West 88th Street between Broadway and West End Avenue, was dedicated on May 12, 1918. It was designed by Henry B. Herts, a congregant and celebrated theater architect, with Walter S. Schneider. In addition to its place on the National Register of Historic Places, the synagogue was included in the New York City Riverside Drive–West End Historic District created in 1990.

The muqarna-studded ceiling was redesigned following its collapse during renovations in the early 1990s and was replaced with a future-invoking space frame back-lit to simulate a nighttime sky.

Community House (1928)

B'nai Jeshurun took a leading role in founding the Board of Directors of American Israelites in 1859 and the Jewish Theological Seminary of America in 1886. When the Board of Delegates merged with the (Reform) Union of American Hebrew Congregations in 1878, the congregation went along, but in 1884 it left the Reform Movement to join the United Synagogue of America, now the United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism. In 1889, the congregation published its own edition of the prayer book. In the 1990s the congregation left the Conservative movement and is now independent.