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John Wanamaker Annex (rear)
A.T. Stewart Store (center)
Grace Chuch (front) |
John Wanamaker Store
770 Broadway at 9th Street
New York, N.Y. 10003
In 1862, department store magnate Alexander T. Stewart (1803-1876) opened a huge cast-iron emporium, which filled an entire block from Broadway to Fourth Avenue and from East 9th to 10th Streets. Abandoning his popular Marble Palace at Broadway and Chambers Street for what many considered an architectural monstrosity sited too far uptown, Stewart proved his critics wrong. The store was painted white inside and out with a dramatic central rotunda topped by a skylit dome, and became the anchor for "Ladies Mile." Twenty years after Stewart's death, the Philadelphia-based John Wanamaker Company bought the store.
In 1902, John Wanamaker built an equally large annex across 9th Street. A second-story bridge connecting the two—seen at the left of Berenice Abbott's 1936 photograph—was called "The Bridge of Progress." The annex contained the auditorium which was the site of many concerts.
Wanamaker's sold the store in 1954, at a time when Herald Square had eclipsed "Ladies Mile" as New York's shopping mecca. Just prior to its demolition in 1956, the building caught fire and burned out of control for a full day before firemen could contain the blaze. The cast-iron construction withstood the fire, only to fall to the wrecker's ball. Today, a 21-story apartment block, built in 1960 and named Stewart House, occupies the site; the 1902 Wanamaker annex is an office building. |
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Wanamaker Organ Shop
Philadelphia, Penn. (1920)
Electro-pneumatic key and stop action
4 manuals, 115 stops, 118 ranks, 7,422 pipes
After the 1904 Austin organ suffered damage from a fire (c.1917-18), the Wanamaker Organ Shop rebuilt and greatly enlarged the organ. The redesigned organ included a new movable console with color-coded stop tablets, and a 13-stop Echo Organ, which was located on third floor and spoke through a tone chute. In 1947 and 1948, the Aeolian-Skinner Organ Co. of Boston was contracted to provide several additions to the organ. Following the sale and closure of the Wanamaker Store in New York, the organ console was acquired by Rubin Frels, an organ builder in Victoria, Texas (see photo below). |
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Choir Organ (Manual I) – 61 notes, enclosed (tablets colored Green; wind pressure 7½")
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16 |
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Contra Viol |
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4 |
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Flute Harmonic |
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8 |
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Open Diapason |
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4 |
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Violette |
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8 |
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Melodia |
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2 |
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Piccolo |
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8 |
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Concert Flute |
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16 |
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Contra Fagotto |
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8 |
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Quintaphone |
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8 |
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Orchestral Oboe |
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8 |
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Viole D'Orchestre |
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8 |
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Clarinet |
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8 |
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Viole Celeste |
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8 |
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Cor Anglais |
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8 |
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Flute Celeste |
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Tremolo I |
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8 |
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Dulciana |
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Tremolo II |
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Great Organ (Manual II) – 61 notes, enclosed (tablets colored White; wind pressure 10")
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16 |
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Double Diapason |
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4 |
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Flute Harmonic |
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16 |
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Major Diapason |
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5 1/3 |
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Mutation |
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8 |
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Open Diapason I |
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2 2/3 |
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Mutation |
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8 |
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Open Diapason II |
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2 |
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Mutation |
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8 |
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Violin Principal |
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1 3/5 |
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Mutation |
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8 |
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Cor de Chamois |
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Compound Mutation IV ranks * |
8 |
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Double Flute |
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Double Trumpet |
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8 |
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Grand Flute |
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Trumpet |
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8 |
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Flute Harmonic |
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Clarion |
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8 |
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Gamba |
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Tremolo I |
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8 |
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Viole D'Amour |
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Tremolo II |
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4 |
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Principal |
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4 |
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Octave |
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* draws four preceding stops |
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Swell Organ (Manual III) – 61 notes (enclosed; tablets colored Aqua; wind pressure 10")
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16 |
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Bourdon |
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4 |
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Mutation |
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8 |
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Open Diapason |
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3 1/3 |
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Mutation |
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8 |
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Cathedral Diapason |
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2 |
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Mutation |
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8 |
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Stopped Diapason |
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1 1/3 |
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Mutation |
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8 |
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Chimney Flute |
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Compound Mutation IV ranks * |
8 |
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Clarabella |
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16 |
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Double Oboe Horn |
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8 |
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Dolce Flute |
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8 |
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Cornopean |
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8 |
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Nasard Gamba |
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8 |
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Oboe |
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8 |
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Aeolian Celeste |
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8 |
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Musette |
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8 |
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Vox Angelica |
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8 |
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Vox Humana |
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4 |
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Traverse Flute |
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Tremolo I |
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Tremolo II |
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* draws four preceding stops |
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Solo Organ (Manual IV) – 61 notes, enclosed
(tablets colored Lavender; wind pressure 15")
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16 |
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Grand Diapason |
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2 |
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Piccolo |
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8 |
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Stentorphone |
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16 |
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Tuba Profunda |
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8 |
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Tibia |
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8 |
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Tuba Mirabilis |
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8 |
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Flute Harmonic |
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8 |
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French Horn |
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8 |
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Gamba |
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8 |
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Grand Clarinet |
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8 |
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Gamba Celeste |
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4 |
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Tuba Clarion |
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4 |
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Flute Harmonic |
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Tremolo I |
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4 |
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Octave |
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Tremolo II |
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Echo Organ (floating) – 61 notes, enclosed
(tablets colored Yellow; wind pressure 5")
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16 |
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Bourdon |
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8 |
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Oboe |
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8 |
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Open Diapason |
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8 |
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Euphone |
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8 |
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Stopped Diapason |
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8 |
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Vox Humana |
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8 |
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Salicional |
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Minor Chimes |
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8 |
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Voix Celeste |
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Tremolo I |
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8 |
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Gemshorn |
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Tremolo II |
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4 |
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Flute D'Amour |
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Echo Pedal |
2 |
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Piccolo |
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16 |
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Bourdon |
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String Organ (floating) – 61 notes, enclosed (tablets colored Brown; wind pressure 10")
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8 |
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String 1 |
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8 |
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String 5 |
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8 |
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String 2 |
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Tremolo I |
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8 |
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String 3 |
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Tremolo II |
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8 |
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String 4 |
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Percussion (tablets colored White on the upper half, and the color of the division to which they are coupled on the lower half)
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Piano on Pedal |
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Chimes on Great |
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Piano on Swell |
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Chimes on Choir |
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Piano on Swell (Sustained) |
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(pneumatic action) |
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(vacuum pneumatic action) |
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Harp on Great |
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Celesta on Great |
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Harp on Swell |
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Celesta on Swell |
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Harp on Choir |
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Selesta on Choir |
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(pneumatic action) |
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(vacuum pneumatic action) |
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Main Pedal Organ – 32 notes
(tablets colored Black; wind pressure 10" unless noted)
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32 |
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Contra Bourdon |
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8 |
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Cello (7½" w.p) |
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16 |
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Open Diapason I |
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8 |
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Flute I |
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16 |
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Open Diapason II |
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8 |
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Flute II |
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16 |
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Contra Flute |
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4 |
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Flute |
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16 |
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Bourdon I |
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32 |
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Contra Trombone (15" w.p.) |
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16 |
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Bourdon II |
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16 |
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Trombone |
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16 |
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Violone |
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16 |
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Fagotto |
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16 |
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Viole |
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8 |
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Tromba |
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16 |
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Dulciana (7½" w.p.) |
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4 |
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Clarion |
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10 2/3 |
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Quint (7½" w.p) |
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Louis Vierne at the Wanamaker Auditorium Organ, February 1927 |
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Wanamaker Auditorium Console (1920)
now located in Rubin Frels Residence,
Victoria, Texas |
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Austin Organ Company
Hartford, Conn. – Opus 120 (1904)
Electro-pneumatic key action
Tubular stop action
Automatic player
4 manuals, 42 stops, 45 ranks
As construction was underway for the new store annex, Wanamaker ordered a large four-manual Austin organ for the "Concert Hall," an auditorium that would be three stories high and seat 1500 people on the main floor and gallery. Austin's Op. 120 was significant as it was their first large organ in the "theatre style" and would contain percussions and an automatic player. Wind pressures would be 5", 10", and 15", and the detached console had an A.G.O. "Willis model" pedalboard. The contract, dated July 20, 1904, specified that the organ was to be installed on or before the first day of November, 1904, and would cost a total of $18,119.40. Sometime in 1917-18, the Wanamaker Auditorium organ was damaged and was subsequently rebuilt and greatly enlarged in 1920-21 by the Wanamaker Organ Shop in Philadelphia.
Wanamaker hired George Alexander Russell (1880-1953) to be concert director and organist of the New York store. Russell was an accomplished organist, pianist and music scholar who graduated from Syracuse University in 1901, served on its faculty, and later studied in Berlin and Paris. His recitals on the Austin organ in the New York store brought additional fame to the artist and prestige to that organ as a concert instrument. In addition to playing daily recitals on the Wanamaker Auditorium organ, Russell was supervised the sale of musical instruments in the store and arranged musical performances by employees and outside groups. By 1919, Alexander Russell was in charge of arranging organ concerts at both the New York and Philadelphia stores. |
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Great Organ – 61 notes
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16 |
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Rohr Flute |
61 |
4 |
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Octave |
61 |
8 |
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Magnaton |
SO |
4 |
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Harmonic Flute |
61 |
8 |
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Open Diapason |
61 |
16 |
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Tuba Profunda |
SO |
8 |
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Geigen Principal |
61 |
8 |
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Harmonic Tuba |
SO |
8 |
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Clarabel Flute |
61 |
4 |
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Tuba Clarion |
SO |
8 |
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Doppel Flute |
61 |
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8 |
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Viole d'Amour |
61 |
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Snare, Drum, Cymbals, 2 Triangles, 2 Kettle Drums |
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Swell Organ – 61 notes, enclosed
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16 |
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Quintaton |
73 |
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Dolce Cornet III ranks |
183 |
8 |
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Grand Diapason |
73 |
16 |
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Double Oboe Horn |
73 |
8 |
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Gamba |
73 |
8 |
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Horn |
73 |
8 |
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Rohr Flute |
73 |
8 |
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Oboe |
73 |
8 |
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Flauto Dolce |
73 |
4 |
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Clarion |
73 |
8 |
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Unda Maris [TC] |
61 |
8 |
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Vox Humana |
73 |
4 |
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Gemshorn |
73 |
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Tremulant to low wind stops |
4 |
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Flute d'Amour |
73 |
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Orchestral Organ – 61 notes, enclosed
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16 |
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Contra Viole |
73 |
2 |
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Piccolo |
73 |
8 |
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Concert Flute |
73 |
8 |
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Clarinet |
73 |
8 |
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Viole d'Orchestre |
73 |
8 |
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Orchestral Oboe |
73 |
8 |
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Viole Celeste II ranks |
134? |
8 |
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Cor Anglais |
73 |
4 |
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Flauto Traverso |
73 |
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Tremulant |
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Solo Organ – 61 notes
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16 |
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Magnaton [unit] |
73 |
8 |
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Trumpet |
61 |
8 |
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Magnaton |
— |
16 |
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Tuba Profunda [unit] * |
85 |
8 |
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Gross Flute |
61 |
8 |
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Harmonic Tuba * |
— |
4 |
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Hohl Flute |
61 |
4 |
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Tuba Clarion * |
— |
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* enclosed |
Echo Organ – 61 notes, enclosed (on opposite side of main organ)
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8 |
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Lieblich Gedackt |
61 |
8 |
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Vox Humana |
61 |
8 |
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Phoneuma |
61 |
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Cathedral Chimes |
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8 |
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Angelica [TC] |
49 |
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Tremulant |
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Pedal Organ – 32 notes
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32 |
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Magnaton [ext. SO] |
12 |
16 |
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Dulciana [ext. GT VdA] |
12 |
16 |
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Magnaton |
SO |
16 |
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Contra Viole |
OR |
16 |
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First Open Diapason [unit] |
44 |
8 |
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Gross Flute [1st O.D.] |
— |
16 |
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Second Open Diapason |
12 |
8 |
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Flute Dolce |
GT |
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[ext. GT Geigen] |
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16 |
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Tuba Profunda |
SO |
16 |
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Violone |
32 |
8 |
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Harmonic Tuba |
SO |
16 |
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Sub Bass |
GT |
4 |
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Tuba Clarion |
SO |
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Couplers and Unisons
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Great to Pedal 8' |
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Swell to Orchestral 16', 8', 4' |
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Swell to Pedal 8', 4' |
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Solo and Echo to Orchestral 8' |
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Orchestral to Pedal 8', 4' |
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Swell to Swell 16', 4' |
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Solo and Echo to Pedal 8' |
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Orchestral to Orchestral 16', 4' |
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Swell to Great 16', 8', 4' |
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Great Unisons Off |
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Orchestral to Great 16', 8', 4' |
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Swell Unisons Off |
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Solo to Great 8', 4' |
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Orchestral Unisons Off |
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Combinations
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Great to Swell Double Touch |
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Full set of composition keys and pedals moving stop keys |
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Pedal Movements
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Balanced Swell Pedal |
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Great to Pedal Reversible |
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Balanced Orchestral and Solo Reed Pedal |
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Sforzando Pedal |
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Balanced Echo Pedal |
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Crescendo Pedal |
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Automatic Player Controls
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Great Tempo Control |
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Great & Orchestral Roll Coupler |
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Great Re-roll |
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Roll Synchronizer |
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Orchestral Re-roll |
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Organ in Showroom:
Austin Organ Company
Hartford, Conn. – Opus 192 (1904)
Tubular key and stop action
Automatic player
2 manuals, 8 stops, 7 ranks
On March 12, 1904, the John Wanamaker store entered into an agreement to represent the Austin Organ Company in New York, Philadelphia, and surrounding terrority. Wanamaker ordered a total of six small organs that would range in size from eight to thirteen speaking stops. All of the organs would be suitable as "residence organs" as they had attached consoles and an automatic player. Moreover, all of the organs had identical specifications as to type of action, compass, and console controls. Five of the six organs (Op. 116, 117, 178, 179, and 192) were delivered to the New York store, and Op. 199 went to the Philadelphia store. Opus 179 and Opus 199 were identical.
Opus 192 had an attached stop key console of mahogany, a Swell box with 2½" thick walls, display pipes decorated in French leaf gold bronze, and 5" wind pressure.
The organ
was sold to the Briarcliff Lodge, Briarcliff, N.Y. |
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Great Organ (Manual I) – 61 notes, partially enclosed with Swell
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8 |
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Open Diapason * |
61 |
8 |
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Concert Flute |
61 |
8 |
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Muted Viole |
61 |
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* unenclosed |
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Swell Organ (Manual II) – 61 notes, enclosed
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8 |
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Viol d'Orchestre |
73 |
4 |
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Harmonic Flute |
73 |
8 |
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Viole Celeste [TC] |
61 |
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Tremulant |
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8 |
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Rohr Flöte |
73 |
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Pedal Organ – 32 notes
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16 |
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Lieblich Gedeckt [ext. SW] |
12 |
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Couplers
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Swell to Pedal 8', 4' |
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Great to Swell 16', 8', 4' |
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Great to Pedal 8' |
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Great to Great 16', 4', Unison Off |
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Swell to Great 16', 8', 4' |
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Swell to Swell 16', 4', Unison Off |
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Adjustable Combinations
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Pistons No. 1-2-3-4 |
affecting Great Organ stops and couplers |
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Pistons No. 1-2-3-4 |
affecting Swell Organ stops and couplers |
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Pedals No. 1-2 |
affecting Pedal Organ stops couplers |
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Pedal Movements
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Balanced Swell Pedal |
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Great to Pedal Reversible |
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Crescendo Pedal (adjustable) |
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Sforzando Pedal |
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Automatic Player Controls
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"On" and "Off" |
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Phrasing Lever |
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Tempo Control |
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Organ in Showroom:
Austin Organ Company
Hartford, Conn. – Opus 179 (1904)
Tubular key and stop action
Automatic player
2 manuals, 13 stops, 11 ranks |
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Great Organ (Manual I) – 61 notes
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8 |
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Open Diapason |
61 |
4 |
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Harmonic Flute |
61 |
8 |
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Muted Viole |
61 |
8 |
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Clarinet |
61 |
8 |
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Clarabella |
61 |
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Swell Organ (Manual II) – 61 notes, enclosed
|
16 |
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Geigen Principal |
73 |
4 |
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Flauto Traverso |
183 |
8 |
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Viol d'Orchestre |
73 |
8 |
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Horn |
73 |
8 |
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Viole Celeste [TC] |
61 |
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Tremulant |
|
8 |
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Rohr Flöte |
73 |
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Pedal Organ – 32 notes
|
16 |
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Bourdon [ext. Rohr Flöte] |
12 |
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16 |
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Contra Viole [ext. GT] |
12 |
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Couplers
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Swell to Pedal 8', 4' |
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Great to Swell 16', 8', 4' |
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Great to Pedal 8' |
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Great to Great 16', 4', Unison Off |
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Swell to Great 16', 8', 4' |
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Swell to Swell 16', 4', Unison Off |
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Adjustable Combinations
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Pistons No. 1-2-3-4 |
affecting Great Organ stops and couplers |
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Pistons No. 1-2-3-4 |
affecting Swell Organ stops and couplers |
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Pedals No. 1-2 |
affecting Pedal Organ stops and couplers |
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Pedal Movements
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Balanced Swell Pedal |
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Great to Pedal Reversible |
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Crescendo Pedal (adjustable) |
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Sforzando Pedal |
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Automatic Player Controls
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"On" and "Off" |
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Tempo Control |
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Phrasing Lever |
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Organ in Showroom:
Austin Organ Company
Hartford, Conn. – Opus Opus 178 (1904)
Tubular key and stop action
Automatic player
2 manuals, 10 stops, 9 ranks
Opus 178 had a Swell box with 2½" thick walls, display pipes decorated in French leaf gold bronze, and 5" wind pressure. |
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Great Organ (Manual I) – 61 notes, partially enclosed with Swell
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8 |
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Open Diapason * |
61 |
8 |
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Concert Flute |
61 |
8 |
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Muted Viole |
61 |
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* unenclosed |
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Swell Organ (Manual II) – 61 notes, enclosed
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8 |
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Viol d'Orchestre |
73 |
4 |
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Harmonic Flute |
73 |
8 |
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Viole Celeste [TC] |
61 |
8 |
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Horn |
73 |
8 |
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Rohr Flöte |
73 |
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Tremulant |
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Pedal Organ – 32 notes
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16 |
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Lieblich Gedeckt |
32 |
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8 |
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Flauto Dolce |
SW |
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Couplers
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Swell to Pedal 8', 4' |
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Great to Great 16', 4', Unison Off |
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Great to Pedal 8' |
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Swell to Swell 16', 4', Unison Off |
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Swell to Great 16', 8', 4' |
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Adjustable Combinations
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Pistons No. 1-2-3-4 |
affecting Great Organ stops and couplers |
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Pistons No. 1-2-3-4 |
affecting Swell Organ stops and couplers |
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Pedals No. 1-2 |
affecting Pedal Organ stops couplers |
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Pedal Movements
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Balanced Swell Pedal |
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Great to Pedal Reversible |
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Crescendo Pedal (adjustable) |
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Sforzando Pedal |
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Automatic Player Controls
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"On" and "Off" |
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Tempo Control |
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Phrasing Lever |
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Organ in Showroom:
Austin Organ Company
Hartford, Conn. – Opus 177 (1904)
Tubular key and stop action
Automatic player
2 manuals, 8 stops, 8 ranks |
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Great Organ (Manual I) – 61 notes, partially enclosed with Swell
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8 |
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Open Diapason * |
61 |
8 |
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Concert Flute |
61 |
8 |
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Muted Viole |
61 |
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* unenclosed |
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Swell Organ (Manual II) – 61 notes, enclosed
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8 |
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Viol d'Orchestre |
73 |
4 |
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Harmonic Flute |
73 |
8 |
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Viole Celeste [TC] |
61 |
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Tremulant |
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8 |
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Rohr Flöte |
73 |
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Pedal Organ – 32 notes
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16 |
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Lieblich Gedeckt |
32 |
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Couplers
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Swell to Pedal 8', 4' |
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Great to Great 16', 4', Unison Off |
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Great to Pedal 8' |
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Swell to Swell 16', 4', Unison Off |
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Swell to Great 16', 8', 4' |
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Adjustable Combinations
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Pistons No. 1-2-3-4 |
affecting Great Organ stops and couplers |
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Pistons No. 1-2-3-4 |
affecting Swell Organ stops and couplers |
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Pedals No. 1-2 |
affecting Pedal Organ stops couplers |
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Pedal Movements
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Balanced Swell Pedal |
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Great to Pedal Reversible |
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Crescendo Pedal (adjustable) |
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Sforzando Pedal |
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Automatic Player Controls
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"On" and "Off" |
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Tempo Control |
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Phrasing Lever |
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Organ in Showroom:
Austin Organ Company
Hartford, Conn. – Opus 116 (1904)
Tubular key and stop action
Automatic player
2 manuals, 13 stops
Specifications for this organ have not yet been located. |
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Sources:
Aeolian-Skinner Archives: http://home.cfl.rr.com/aeolianskinner/
Austin Organs, Inc., Hartford, CT: http://www.austinorgans.com
Biswanger, Ray. Music in the Marketplace: The Story of Philadelphia's Historic Wanamaker Organ. Philadelphia: Friends of the Wanamaker Organ Press, 1999.
Kinzey, Allen, and Sand Lawn, comps. E.M. Skinner/Aeolian-Skinner Opus List (New Revised Edition). Richmond: The Organ Historical Society, 1997.
Ochse, Orpha. Austin Organs. Richmond: The Organ Historical Society, 2001.
Trupiano, Larry. Factory Specifications for Austin Organ Company organs, Op. 177 (1904), Op. 178 (1904), Op. 179 (1904), and Op. 192 (1904).
Illustrations:
Abbott, Berenice. 1936 photo of John Wanamaker Store exterior.
The American Organist, July 1946: Console of Wanamaker Organ (1920).
Austin Organs, Inc. Austin Organ Company Promotion Booklet, showing Austin Organ Company organ, Op. 120 (1904) in Wanamaker Auditorium.
Friends of the Wanamaker Organ (www.wanamakerorgan.com). Louis Vierne at Wanamaker Organ Console (Feb. 1927); John Wanamaker Store exterior.
Scribner, David C. Wanamaker Organ console in Rubin Frels Residence, Victoria, Tex.
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